Example particle decay (phase shift): neutron

Particle phase transitions in the Rishon Model are quite detailed, making a first example quite awkward to choose. Primarily this is down to the VT0 transitions needing to occur in pairs. Starting with what is termed a "decay pattern" of the neutron into a proton, anti-neutrino and an electron, we have:

    n -> p + e + ve

Expanded into quarks this is:

    dud -> udu + e + ve

Expanded into Rishon particles is best done diagrammatically (assisted by a mathematical switch of the neutrino as follows):

    ve + dud -> udu + e

In diagrammatic form that transformation is as follows:

figureNeutron phase-transition to proton

At the top left of the diagram, a neutrino-anti-neutrino pair are brought into existence (explained later). The down quark and the neutrino undergo a $\overline{V}$T0 phase transition into an up quark and an electron. At the same time the remaining two neutron quarks undergo an opposite phase transition V $\overline{T}$0, but, unusually, transform back into the exact same two particles they originally were (u and down quarks) - just in different places. This allows the positions of the two particles to change places in the I-Frame with minimal disruption to the structure, and, importantly, ensuring that the I-Frame's rules are also respected.

So, the two VT0 phase transforms, being direct opposites and representing the exchange each of one T and one V particle with an anti-T and an anti-V particle, effectively cancel each other out. No energy is lost or gained in the process. The concept of "decay" is therefore considered, under this model, to be rather strange and archaic (which leaves the only place where decay actually occurs as being when a particle meets an anti-particle and annihilate to create a photon in the form of gamma radiation).

After the phase transforms occur, it is worthwhile adding up the total number of T-anti-T and V-anti-V particles to ensure that they are the same: we find that the total of each of the two charges is the same both before and after, thanks to the paired VT0 phase transforms preserving the totals of each charge.

It is worthwhile noting that whilst these phase transition (pairs of) are the simplest that could be found, they mathematically represent in effect the total phase transition that occurred. Other such phase transitions may in fact exist which more accurately represent what actually occurs.